Discipline, More Than Creativity, Fuels Growth

Most entrepreneurs shun formality, but structure at the right time enables faster growth.

Zappos is known for its creative workplace

Inside most start-ups, free-wheeling innovation and agility abound. The fewer the rules, the better. And why not? Unencumbered by bureaucracy, entrepreneurs can let their imaginations run wild, create breakthrough products, and make tons of money.  Most entrepreneurs scoff at rigorous planning, analysis, or financial modeling found at larger companies—it just slows them down.

Thought leader, entrepreneur, and consulting associate professor at Stanford University Steve Blank agrees, saying today’s “lean start-ups” require less formality. (1) Rather than spending months on research and business planning, entrepreneurs list their educated guesses about the business opportunity and then validate them with prospective customers. Instead of old-fashioned project management that delivers a finished end product, engineers in start-ups practice “agile” development, constructing products incrementally through frequent iterations and customer feedback. Lean start-up approaches favor less structure, smaller teams, and highly creative environments.

But early traction does not guarantee long-term success. Once a new product shows potential, it must be property marketed, delivered, and supported at scale. The company must generate positive cash flow to be sustainable, and eventually pay a return to investors. These activities are very different than those taking place during the early creative process.

Stanford’s Start-Up Genome Project offered entrepreneurs a roadmap for successful company development. (2) After studying thousands of new ventures, researchers identified four distinct “Marmer Stages,” each with its own challenges and milestones:

The Discovery and Validation stages match the creative process described by Steve Blank: quick development and refinement of ideas, leading to early sales. But things change during the Efficiency and Scale stages. After verifying market acceptance of their initial product, founders must hone their business models, customer acquisition processes, and delivery processes. They must get funding, hire staff, and build infrastructure to support fast growth. Instead of spending “right brain” time imagining and creating, entrepreneurs must now spend “left brain” time analyzing and structuring.

Eventually all companies must evolve their management systems if they want to continue growing. (3) Informal management styles that worked well in the beginning break down as the company expands out of the entrepreneurs’ personal span of control. (4) Founders soon realize they can no longer do everything themselves; they must delegate tasks and coordinate the work of multiple groups. At this point, disciplines they implement serve to make organizational goals explicit and stable. Effective management systems facilitate goal alignment, resource allocation, accountability, learning, and control.

Surprisingly, it's not creativity that rockets a start-up to success. Instead, research shows that greater discipline accelerates early-stage growth. Studies at Stanford and the University of California Berkeley concluded that deploying management systems associated positively with successful, high-growth start-ups. (5) Studying seventy-eight firms over a five-year period, they showed new ventures that implemented management systems grew at three times the rate of those that didn’t:

“Think about a car: the faster it goes, the more sophisticated the technology required to keep it under control. At the very elite racing levels, Formula 1 teams have highly complex and extensive systems infrastructure both on and off the tack. The same logic applies to growth with start-ups. The faster they need to go, the more management systems infrastructure they need.”

But timing is crucial. The Start-Up Genome Project found one of the most frequent causes of early business collapse was “premature scaling,” that is, ramping up before sales traction supported it. (2) Examples included hiring too many specialists, managers, and salespeople too quickly, and spending too much on marketing before validating the product-market fit. Just as entrepreneurs must adopt new disciplines to scale the business, they must also be disciplined about when to do it.

It seems counter-intuitive, but discipline, not creativity, is what ultimately drives growth. Creating and validating ideas is essential in the beginning, but a shift to effective and efficient execution at the right time becomes paramount. Entrepreneurs must understand this critical transition and adjust accordingly if they want the wild success that compelled them in the first place.


Excel-lens is a publication of Service Excellence Partners. Our unique approach helps founders at early stage companies better scale operations and manage growth. Contact us today.

Sources:

1. Blank, Steve. Why the Lean Start-Up Changes Everything. Harvard Business Review. May 2013, pp. 65-72.

2. Max Marmer, Bjoern Lasse Herrmann, Ertan Dogrultan, Ron Berman. Start-Up Genome Report Extra. s.l. : Stanford University, 2012.

3. The Five Stages of Small Business Growth. Neil C. Churchill, Virginia L. Lewis. May-June, 1983, Harvard Business Review, pp. 1-11.

4. Edward Lowe Foundation. The Significance of Second Stage. Cassopolis, Michigan : Edward Lowe Foundation, 2012.

5. Antonio Davila, George Foster, and Ning Jia. Building Sustainable High-Growth Startup Companies: Management Systems as an Accelerator. California Management Review. May 2010, pp. 79-105.

Scaling Up? Think Hamburgers.

Your new venture is catching fire and you need to ramp up operations quickly to handle demand. Where should you look for pointers? Try McDonald’s, Burger King or Wendy’s.

The Start-Up Genome Project analyzed thousands of high tech start-ups and found that successful companies progressed through four predictable phases. Dubbed the “Marmer Stages,” each involved a different set of objectives; Discovery was crafting and testing the idea, Validation was refining product features and generating initial orders, Efficiency was making customer acquisition and delivery processes repeatable, and Scale was ramping up and generating aggressive growth.¹ A successful mantra was “nail it, then scale it”—confirming that the product, marketing strategy, and business model all worked before stepping on the gas with big capital, staff, and infrastructure investments.

So what happens when the time comes for a start-up to scale in a big way? Suddenly the game changes from “tinkering” to “ramping,” generating volume quickly to establish market position and cash flow. It may sound silly to high tech entrepreneurs, but fast food franchises offer unique insights—they’ve made scaling up a science. Intel CEO Andy Grove looked closely at McDonald’s. In the late 1970’s, he believed Intel’s success depended on making their embryonic microprocessors as reliably as hamburgers, saying “We have to systematize things so we don’t crash our technology.” He kept a hamburger box on his desk with a mock logo, McIntel, to remind everyone of the strategy to grow with profitable scale.²

Franchisers offer four great lessons for quick and efficient early-stage expansion:

1.    Simplicity. Ordering “off-menu” may be fine for high-end restaurants, but fast food stores limit choice to what’s on the menu. Subway’s deli-style assembly and Burger King’s “Have it your way” only apply to a narrow range of options. Lesson: To scale, new companies must limit choices in the product offering. In the Validation stage, start-ups often “pivot,” experimenting with the product and pricing before they find something that sells. But every new version comes with added complexity, time, and hidden cost—documentation, training, software, accounting, and support. Pick your target; you can’t be all things to all people, so choose ONE profitable segment and stick to it. Rationalize your product line so that at least 80% of your sales come from just a few versions, and resist the temptation to add more. Product simplification is better for sales, too. Studies show too many choices confuses people, slows decision making and lowers satisfaction.³

2.    Standardization. In the fast food world, uniformity in supplies, equipment, training, software, and work processes promote consistency and quality, no matter where the franchise is located. Standardization also leads to economies of scale, which allows franchisers to improve performance and lower costs in their supply and distribution chains. Customers value predictability, which causes repeat visits, recurring revenue, and brand reinforcement. Lesson: As sales gain traction, consistency becomes essential to grow profitably and keep customers coming back. In the Efficiency stage, further refine product specifications, value propositions, and delivery processes, documenting best practices. Redesign if necessary to meet financial targets. Implement standard metrics and process checks to ensure consistency and quality. Consolidate anything that gives you purchasing leverage.

3.    Leadership. An industry expert states that if a franchise has a proven business concept with sound training and support, 40% of a franchisee’s success will come through their own hard work and talent.⁴ McDonald’s is renowned for careful selection and training of its franchise owners. Applicants must demonstrate past business success and financial resources (a new store typically requires a $1M+ investment). If they make the cut, they spend three days in a McDonald's restaurant, working and learning about the business. If they advance, franchisees must then spend a nine months at Hamburger University before opening a store.⁵ Lesson: Good leadership and development are essential for ramping up. Growing companies tend to promote from within and skimp on management training.  As a result, teams struggle and executives spend valuable time firefighting. In the Scale stage, look beyond top technical skills and choose leadership experience or attributes instead. Then, take sufficient time to develop the knowledge and skills required for good management.

4.    Strategic Management Systems. Opening new stores is a key business process for franchisers, meaning they take a systematic approach to planning, screening, contracting, implementing, and supporting new franchises. They deploy advanced Point of Sale (POS), staffing, and inventory management systems in each store to track real-time metrics, fill work schedules, and optimize supply chains. Visibility to rich data in turn facilitates learning and adjustment at corporate headquarters. Effective management and communication methods also promote execution across a distributed network. Many franchisers use regional or district managers to continually communicate, coordinate changes, and resolve issues with franchisees. Lesson: Entrepreneurs must develop mature management systems to support expansion during the Scale stage. Create a deployment plan and develop the right infrastructure. Define a small set of the most important metrics and implement systems to track, analyze, and report them. Develop enterprise-wide planning, execution, and review practices to align the increasingly complex organization, drive changes, and institute continuous learning and improvement. 

Start-ups are by nature quick-moving and creative, but adopting disciplines like those used by fast food franchises makes growth rapid and profitable. Making this transition is critical for early stage companies, and high volume operators can offer important lessons for every growing enterprise.

Footnotes:
1.    Compass blog: cracking the code of innovation, 2012. http://blog.startupcompass.co/tag/lean%20startup
2.    V. McElheny, 1977. “High Technology Jelly Bean Ace,” New York Times.
3.    B. Schwartz, 2005. The Paradox of Choice: Why More is Less, Harper Perennial, ISBN 0060005696.
4.    G. Nathan, 2012. “Best Practice in Franchisee Selection,” Franchise Relationships Institute. http://www.franchiserelationships.com/articles/BestPracticesinFranchiseeEvaluation.html
5.    L. Magloff, 2013. “What You Need to Open a McDonald’s,” Chron http://smallbusiness.chron.com/need-open-mcdonalds-10513.html